Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary
UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) follows ethical publishing standards and adheres to the principles of quality assurance and academic integrity as outlined in the guidelines for peer-reviewed journals. The journal ensures that all published research undergoes a rigorous peer review process, maintaining transparency, originality, and academic credibility in accordance with established scholarly publishing norms. Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) (ISSN: 2583-0031, Online) is a peer-reviewed international journal committed to publishing high-quality scholarly work across a wide range of multidisciplinary fields. The journal provides an inclusive platform for researchers, practitioners, and scholars to present original contributions spanning international, regional, and interdisciplinary studies. RRIJM aims to advance knowledge by publishing rigorous theoretical and empirical research that addresses contemporary issues in multidisciplinary domains. In addition to research articles, the journal features case studies with practical implications, as well as papers focused on teaching and learning in Business and Management, Social Sciences, and the Humanities. The journal also welcomes critical reviews of recently published books relevant to these fields. Unlike conventional journals that focus on narrowly defined subject areas, RRIJM encourages cross-disciplinary engagement, enabling research to reach a broader scientific audience without disciplinary limitations. Journal Information Journal Start Year: 2021 Journal Title: Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) ISSN (Online): 2583-0031 Publication Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Journal Accessibility: Open Access DOI: Crossref DOI to each article Impact Factor: 5.02 (IIJIF) Subject Areas: Business & Management; Social Sciences; Humanities Language: English Publication Format: Online Contact Information Phone: +91 93284 90029 Email: editor@rrijm.com Website: https://rrijm.com/index.php/RRIJM/index Address: D-302, Surya Kiran Heights, Behind Gayatri Mandir, Kalol–382721, District Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Research Review Publication (Reg. No. UDYAM-GJ-14-0031580)
The Concept of Eternity in Western Philosophy: A Philosophical Analysis
This essay traces the evolution of the idea of eternity from Ancient Greek metaphysics to modern philosophical debate, providing a thorough philosophical study of the term within the Western intellectual tradition. I contend that eternity has consistently been understood as a qualitatively unique way of existence that transcends time, change, and finitude rather than being merely an extension of chronological duration. The research looks at how classical philosophy developed the fundamental contrast between time and eternity, starting with the Presocratic and Platonic stress on permanence and unchangeable essence. Eternity becomes fundamental to theological metaphysics in medieval thought, especially in the writings of Augustine, Boethius, and Thomas Aquinas, who conceptualize it as a timeless and perfect present connected to divine immutability. The essay then critically examines early modern viewpoints, emphasizing Locke’s empiricist reconfiguration of eternity in relation to human experience and cognition as well as the rationalist reinterpretation of eternity in Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Lastly, I discuss modern and current philosophy, where philosophers like Bergson, Heidegger, Hegel, and Kant redefine or problematize eternity within dialectical, phenomenological, and epistemological frameworks. I show that the idea of eternity is still a major but contentious issue using this historical and analytical method, reflecting the changing interaction between time, being, and human knowledge. The study comes to the conclusion that eternity still serves as a crucial philosophical perspective that encourages continuous contemplation of the boundaries of temporality and the nature of ultimate reality.
Ahimsa as a Universal Ethical Principle: Gandhian Perspective
This paper critically investigates the idea of ahimsa as a universal ethical standard within Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophical framework. Gandhi reinterprets ahimsa as a dynamic and all-encompassing moral philosophy based on truth (satya), love, and moral responsibility, despite its origins in ancient Indian religious traditions. The study examines the philosophical underpinnings of Gandhian ahimsa, highlighting its constructive and proactive nature as a catalyst for both social and personal development. It examines the inherent connection between ahimsa and satyagraha in more detail, showing how moral persuasion and self-suffering can make nonviolence an effective means of resisting injustice. The study also emphasizes the ethical aspects of ahimsa, including its focus on compassion, inner discipline, and the purity of thought and behaviour. Furthermore, the universalism of ahimsa is analysed in terms of how it can be used in many cultural, social, and political situations, making it a pertinent concept for dealing with current world issues. The study makes the case that Gandhian ahimsa overcomes its conventional constraints and provides a comprehensive framework for promoting peace, justice, and human dignity by fusing ethical theory with real-world action. In the end, this research argues that Gandhi’s concept of ahimsa is a living, transformational principle that may direct both individual behaviour and group life in a world that is becoming more complicated and conflict-ridden.
The Philosophy of Divine Love: A Comparative Study of Sufi Mysticism and Bhakti Movement
The idea of divine love as expressed in Sufi mysticism and the Bhakti movement is examined in this essay, along with the similarities and differences in its conception, application, and moral implications. I examine how Sufi mystics view divine love (ʿIshq e Haqiqi) as a transformational force that dissolves the ego and joins the seeker with the transcendent Absolute, cultivating moral virtues and spiritual insight, using a comparative perspective. The Bhakti tradition, on the other hand, integrates moral living with emotional closeness and group involvement, emphasizing a personal, relational, and reciprocal devotion (prema) toward a particular deity. Despite having different metaphysical underpinnings, both faiths are deeply committed to the transformational power of love and use ritual expression, poetry, and devotional activities to foster communal harmony as well as individual spiritual fulfilment. The study also explores the spiritual and ethical ramifications of divine love, emphasizing how these customs foster moral involvement, inclusion, and compassion in both individual and societal contexts. The philosophical insights of Sufi and Bhakti love provide a compelling model for interpersonal empathy, moral behaviour, and communal togetherness in modern circumstances characterized by cultural variety, social fragmentation, and existential ambiguity. The paper shows that divine love is not just a devotional feeling but a dynamic ethical and spiritual principle with ongoing relevance by placing mystical devotion within both historical and contemporary frameworks. This comparison highlights how the pursuit of divine love can both elevate the individual and promote social development. Sufi and Bhakti traditions offer ageless patterns of ethical and spiritual transformation.
Values of Varnashrama in Present Time: A Critical Study
This work critically evaluates Varnashrama and its relevance in modern culture. I think Varnashrama, which combines Varna (social categorization) and Ashrama (life stages), is one of the most prominent socio-ethical theories in traditional Indian philosophy. The system traditionally assigned duties and obligations based on individual capacities and life stages to create a balanced social order. The Vedas, Dharmashastras, and Bhagavad Gita establish Varnashrama as a moral framework for social harmony, ethical discipline, and spiritual growth. The system gradually developed tight social structures, primarily through inherited caste divides that impeded social mobility and promoted social inequality. This paper examines the Varnashrama framework’s philosophical ideals and critical problems. The research examines traditional Varna and Ashrama, its ethical standards, and modern intellectuals’ and social reformers’ objections. Modern researchers’ attempts to redefine the notion in line with democratic norms are highlighted. The ancient system’s hierarchical structure conflicts with modern values of equality and human dignity, but its ethical values—duty, discipline, social responsibility, and spiritual development; remain important. The study proposes reinterpreting Varnashrama’s ethical principles within modern social justice and democratic norms rather than conserving its rigid social structure. A critical reinterpretation can help explain how ancient philosophical ideas can constructively connect with modern ethical debate.
The Ethics of Life and Death: Philosophical Reflections on Euthanasia and Human Rights
This dissertation critically analyzes important philosophical traditions and contemporary human rights discourse to assess the ethical complications of euthanasia. I believe the euthanasia discussion is a moral inquiry into autonomy, dignity, and the value of human life, not just medical practice or legal policy. To avoid ethical ambiguity, the study defines euthanasia as voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, active, and passive. The article examines the importance of autonomy in the right to die and the psychological factors that may limit true decision. While critically examining the sanctity-of-life theory as a source of moral constraint, the study emphasizes its continued relevance in protecting human dignity. The utilitarian and consequentialist viewpoints are examined for their focus on suffering and well-being, highlighting their compassion and potential hazards. As patient-centered care and life-sustaining technology progress, medical ethics and professional duty are examined. I propose a nuanced, pluralistic approach to euthanasia, balancing individual autonomy with greater moral obligations and restrictions. This study aims to make life and death more thoughtful and empathetic in the changing human rights situation.
The Psychology of Patanjali Yoga: A study of Mind, Control, and Clarity
In this paper, I examine the psychological foundations of Patanjali’s Yoga with special focus on the nature of the mind, its control, and the attainment of clarity. From my perspective, the Yoga Sutras present a systematic and practical model of the human mind, where mental disturbances are identified as the main cause of suffering. The idea of citta (mind) and its oscillations (võttis) describes how memories, emotions, and thoughts constantly influence human perception and action. I contend that Patanjali’s description of yoga as the management of these oscillations offers a potent psychological strategy for attaining mental stability. The study also examines the function of vairāgya (detachment) and abhyāsa (regular practice) as crucial tools for mind control, demonstrating how emotional equilibrium and disciplined effort can lessen mental disorders. Analysed as a methodical psychological training, the Eightfold Path (Aṣṭāṅga Yoga) cultivates deep focus, bodily stability, and ethical consciousness. Furthermore, the idea of kleśas (mental illnesses) draws attention to the internal barriers that obstruct mental clarity, including ignorance, ego, attachment, and fear. Lastly, I contend that achieving clarity and emancipation (kaivalya), when a person recognizes their true nature beyond mental activity, is the ultimate goal of Patanjali’s yoga. This study demonstrates that Patanjali’s yoga is not just a spiritual practice but also a significant psychological framework that is still applicable to comprehending inner peace, self-control, and mental wellness in the contemporary world.
Tradition and Modernity: Reinterpreting the Concept of Purdah in Contemporary Islamic Thought
In order to redefine the meaning of purdah through historical, theological, and sociocultural lenses, this study critically investigates the notion within the larger context of tradition and modernity in contemporary Islamic thought. Purdah, in my opinion, is a dynamic concept formed by changing interpretations of Islamic texts, cultural customs, and outside influences rather than a static or monolithic institution. The study examines the historical underpinnings of purdah, emphasizing its pre-Islamic roots and how interpretive traditions later integrated it into Islamic social and legal discourses. It also examines how, over time, institutionalized practices of seclusion and gender segregation evolved from traditional theological understandings of modesty (ḥayāüge). The study examines how globalization, education, and shifting socioeconomic circumstances have altered the practice and perception of purdah in light of contemporary issues, especially with regard to women’s agency and involvement in public life. The study makes the case that many conventional interpretations reflect historically situational patriarchal systems rather than the ethical essence of Islamic teachings, drawing on feminist and reformist studies. As a result, it promotes a contextual and hermeneutically grounded reinterpretation that harmonizes purdah with core Islamic principles like equality, justice, and dignity. In the end, the study suggests that a more nuanced understanding of purdah’s function in modern Muslim societies can be achieved by rethinking it through a balanced engagement with tradition and modernity, fostering an approach that is both faithful to religious principles and responsive to current realities.
The Influence of Sankaracharya on Swami Vivekananda's Philosophy
The philosophical lineage of modern Indian thought owes much to the intellectual bridge between Śrī Ādi Śaṅkarācārya and Swami Vivekananda. Śaṅkara, the preeminent exponent of Advaita Vedānta, articulated a vision of non-dualism that emphasized the identity of the individual self (Ātman) with the ultimate reality (Brahman), rejecting ritualism and affirming knowledge as the path to liberation. Swami Vivekananda, emerging in the late nineteenth century, inherited this Advaitic foundation yet transformed it into a pragmatic philosophy suited to the modern world. While Śaṅkara highlighted metaphysical inquiry and renunciation, Vivekananda extended the doctrine of non-duality into social service, religious universalism, and national regeneration. His principle of “Practical Vedānta” reinterpreted Śaṅkara’s transcendental non-dualism into a philosophy of action, stressing that spiritual realization must manifest in service to humanity. This paper critically explores the continuities and divergences between Śaṅkarācārya and Swami Vivekananda, demonstrating how the former provided the metaphysical groundwork while the latter infused it with dynamism, inclusivity, and global relevance. The study concludes that Vivekananda’s reinterpretation of Śaṅkara’s Advaita was not a departure but a creative evolution that enabled Vedānta to address the spiritual and socio-political challenges of modernity.
Political Inclusion of Minorities in West Bengal’s Local Governance: Trends and Challenges (2000–2024)
This article critically explores minority political inclusion in West Bengal municipal governance from 2000 to 2024. Democratic decentralization through the Panchayati Raj system has increased grassroots political engagement by previously marginalized communities, in my opinion. West Bengal, with its complex socio-religious makeup and large minority population, provides a unique framework for studying how democratic institutions accommodate local minority participation. The study examines local governance institutions, minority political involvement, and Panchayat and other local body representation during the past two decades. It analyses how political parties, electoral mobilization, and demographics affect minority local politics involvement. Minority representation and electoral engagement are rising, but socio-economic marginalization, limited leadership opportunities, party-centered patronage networks, and minority vote instrumentalization in competitive electoral politics remain. These institutional limits typically prevent descriptive representation from becoming political empowerment, in my opinion. The study contends that political inclusion should be measured not only by election participation but also by democratic equality, social fairness, and effective representation. The study illustrates grassroots democracy’s successes and failures by positioning minority political engagement in West Bengal’s changing political landscape. The article concludes that better institutional frameworks, inclusive political practices, and socio-economic development policies are needed to promote meaningful and sustained minority participation in local governance.
Gandhi and Civil Disobedience: Historical Impact and Contemporary Relevance
Gandhi’s idea and practice of civil disobedience are critically examined in this essay, which also places it in its historical context and investigates its continued relevance today. Using Gandhi’s idea of satyagraha—the fusion of truth (satya) and nonviolence (ahimsa)—I contend that Gandhian civil disobedience was a profound moral philosophy that reshaped the relationship between power, resistance, and ethical responsibility rather than just a political tactic against British colonial rule. The Indian freedom struggle was historically changed by Gandhian civil disobedience, which united disparate social groups into a disciplined, mass-based movement focused on moral validity rather than violent conflict. Its impact went much beyond India, influencing social justice, civil rights, and democratic reform movements around the world. Gandhian civil disobedience provides a normative framework for principled protest that puts moral principles ahead of practical goals in the modern period of democratic backsliding, structural inequality, environmental problems, and digital activism. Through an examination of Gandhian civil disobedience’s philosophical underpinnings, historical applications, and worldwide adaptations, this book shows that its significance lies in critical reinterpretation rather than mechanical reproduction. In the end, I argue that Gandhian civil disobedience still offers a powerful example of peaceful resistance, urging academics and activists to reconsider political change as an ethically sound, inclusive, and liberating process in the twenty-first century.
Nature and Moral Responsibility: Environmental Ethics in the Thought of Aldo Leopold
This paper explores Aldo Leopold’s environmental philosophy, focusing on the concept of moral responsibility toward the natural world. Leopold’s land ethic emphasizes that humans are not separate from nature but integral members of the biotic community, and ethical responsibility extends to soils, waters, plants, and animals. By asserting that “a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community”, he establishes a framework in which human actions are evaluated not only by their impact on people but also by their ecological consequences. The study examines three interrelated dimensions of Leopold’s thought: the ethical expansion to nonhuman entities, the experiential and relational grounding of environmental awareness, and the practical implications for sustainable stewardship. Scholars such as Callicott, Norton, Plumwood, and Sessions (1995) highlight that the land ethic provides a normative guide for contemporary environmental management, conservation, and sustainability practices. The paper argues that Leopold’s philosophy remains highly relevant in addressing modern challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental injustice, as it integrates moral reflection, ecological understanding, and practical action. By bridging ethical theory and environmental practice, Leopold offers a holistic vision in which humans cultivate care, responsibility, and relational engagement with the land. This study underscores that environmental stewardship is not merely a technical or economic concern but a moral imperative, guiding present and future generations toward sustainable and ethical coexistence with the natural world.
Ethics, Leadership and Social Responsibility in Teacher Preparation
In the modern educational environment, I believe that teacher training must go beyond the development of pedagogical skills and subject knowledge to encompass the development of ethical consciousness, leadership potential, and a strong sense of social responsibility. This study explores the conceptual connections among ethics, leadership, and social responsibility in teacher preparation and makes the case that these three aspects form the ethical and professional cornerstone of successful instruction. Teaching is fundamentally a value-driven profession in which teachers shape students’ ethical and civic awareness in addition to their intellectual growth. Thus, it is imperative that teacher education programs consciously incorporate socially responsive practices, leadership development, and ethical reasoning into their pedagogical and curriculum frameworks. In order to demonstrate how moral standards direct professional behaviour, how leadership abilities enable educators to create cooperative learning environments, and how social responsibility links educational practice with more extensive societal change, the study examines theoretical stances from educational philosophy and leadership studies. In my opinion, teacher preparation that prioritizes these interrelated aspects empowers educators to serve as transformative leaders and reflective practitioners in schools and communities. This kind of approach improves the role of education as a catalyst for social development, promotes democratic involvement, and creates inclusive educational settings. According to the research, incorporating ethics, leadership, and social responsibility into teacher preparation can greatly improve educators’ sense of self as professionals and aid in the creation of morally sound and socially conscious educational establishments. In order to prepare teachers to face today’s educational and societal issues, this article advocates for a comprehensive approach to teacher education that develops them into moral leaders and socially conscious individuals in addition to skilled educators.
Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Governance: ICT Adoption in Grassroots Democratic Institutions
The expansion of digital governance has significantly reshaped administrative practices in developing countries, yet its penetration within rural governance structures remains uneven because of persistent institutional and socio-economic disparities. This paper examines the challenge of bridging the digital divide in rural governance through the adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in grassroots democratic institutions. It analyses how digital tools are increasingly being introduced in local administrative systems to improve transparency, accountability, service delivery, and citizen participation, while also identifying the barriers that restrict their effective implementation at the rural level. A comparative analytical perspective has been adopted by examining experiences from India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Brazil, where digital governance initiatives have produced mixed outcomes due to variations in infrastructure, administrative preparedness, and social inclusion. The study identifies inadequate digital infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, low digital literacy, institutional capacity deficits, and language barriers as the principal constraints affecting ICT adoption in rural democratic institutions. In the Indian context, rural local governance increasingly depends on digital platforms, yet implementation continues to be shaped by uneven local capacities and structural limitations. The paper argues that narrowing the digital divide is essential not only for administrative efficiency but also for strengthening democratic participation and inclusive governance in rural areas. Sustainable policy interventions, institutional capacity-building, and localized digital strategies are therefore necessary to ensure effective digital transformation in grassroots governance.
Challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurship Post Pandemic five-year economic crisis – a study of JHANSI District of Uttar Pradesh
Background: This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on enterprises in Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Objective: Challenges and opportunities faced by entrepreneurs during the pandemic were analyzed. SWOC analysis for entrepreneurial activities during the pandemic was also conducted. Best practices adopted by entrepreneurs to minimize the impact of shocks generated by the COVID-19 economic crisis. Methodology: The descriptive and exploratory research design has been used in the study. A sampling survey method and case study approach were used. Samples for data collection were selected through snowball sampling through google form online. Ninety-four respondents participated through an open sampling technique and were divided into two equal sub-samples. The first sub-sample consisted of individuals who were employed, and the second included job seekers for in-depth examination. Result: The findings indicate that most entrepreneurs suffered significantly during the crisis. Many entrepreneurs started doing business through e-commerce. Several faced lower production and unavailability of products for sale after the lockdown was lifted. SWOC analysis results showed: strengths—less borrowings, capital incentives; weaknesses—interruptions in the supply chain; opportunities—electronic activities, work from home, greater business flexibility, and government schemes; challenges—closing the economy, economic downturn, and declining purchasing power.
A study on Customer's Perception towards Mutual Funds as a Tool of Investment
The objective of this research is the perception of customers' perception towards mutual funds as a tool of investment in the Indian market with factors such as awareness levels, demographic aspects, the role of financial advisors, and online investment platforms. The study is based on Descriptive method and data is collected through an online survey. The sample size for the present study has been selected on the criteria and are standardized to 177, considering age, profession, income, and regional categories. From the current investigation, it is observed that in spite of awareness levels, there is a lack of awareness to some extent among the investors, which hinders making any investment. This particular investigation highlights the critical role of financial advisors, internet facilities, and the transparency provided by the AMC in instilling confidence among investors to invest in mutual funds. The present research contributes to existing knowledge on retail investment behavior. It provides an important piece of knowledge for mutual fund houses, investment advisory firms, and regulatory bodies with respect to structuring an education and ethics advisory plan for increasing the participation of retail investors in mutual funds.
Analysis of Socio-Economic Development through a Micro-Level Study of Economic Dependency Beyond Demographic Structure in Alipurduar District, West Bengal
This study examines the level of socio-economic development in Alipurduar district of West Bengal through a micro-level analysis that moves beyond traditional demographic measures and incorporates economic dependency. While the district exhibits a favourable age structure with a large proportion of working-age population, indicating potential for a demographic dividend, the findings reveal a contrasting reality of low work participation and high economic dependency. Using primary data collected from 800 households across community development blocks and municipalities, the study analyses age structure, work participation rate, and both demographic and economic dependency ratios. The results highlight that a significant share of the working-age population remains economically inactive, leading to a substantial gap between demographic and economic dependency. This hidden dependency burden is particularly pronounced in both rural blocks like Kalchini and Falakata and urban areas such as Falakata Municipality. The study underscores that demographic advantage alone does not ensure development unless supported by adequate employment opportunities, skill development, and inclusive economic participation. It concludes that Alipurduar’s development is moderate but constrained, characterized by underutilization of human resources and regional disparities, thereby necessitating targeted, region-specific policy interventions for sustainable socio-economic progress.
Youth Participation and the Digital Public Sphere: A Habermasian Analysis of Political Engagement in India
Digital technology's explosive growth has changed how people participate in politics, especially young people in India. Using a Habermasian perspective, this study investigates young people's involvement in the digital public sphere, examining the advantages and disadvantages of democratic discourse in virtual environments. The research emphasizes how digital platforms allow young people to acquire information, voice political opinions, and organize collective action in ways that supplement conventional forms of civic engagement. It does this by drawing on recent studies and case studies of social media activism. The report also highlights the drawbacks of online participation, such as the ubiquity of polarization, algorithmic biases, performative activism, and unequal access to digital resources. Using Habermas's concept of the public sphere, the paper makes the case that although digital spaces can promote informed public opinion and rational-critical debate, their democratic efficacy depends on the caliber of deliberation, inclusivity, and the ability to convert online discourse into meaningful political outcomes. In order to guarantee that youth participation makes a significant contribution to government and societal transformation, the research emphasizes the necessity of digital literacy, critical engagement, and the development of inclusive online platforms. This study offers a methodology for assessing the democratic potential of digitally mediated public spaces and sheds light on the changing character of political engagement in India by examining the convergence of youth agency, digital media, and deliberative democracy.
The Politics of Inclusion: Dalit Movements and State Institutions in Eastern India
Eastern India's inclusion politics are examined through Dalit movements' dynamic connection with governmental institutions. It maintains that inclusion is a lived process impacted by historical exclusion, political mobilization, and institutional practices, not a constitutional outcome. The essay begins by tracking Dalit political consciousness from caste-based marginalization to organized resistance and identity assertion. It then examines how grassroots mobilization has turned this consciousness into collective political action, illustrating how local fights for dignity, resources, and rights have increased democratic involvement. The paper also critically examines state institutions, showing that while reservations and political representation provide formal avenues for inclusion, structural inequalities and bureaucratic constraints limit their impact. The paper examines the interconnectedness of recognition, representation, and resistance, concluding that real inclusion involves symbolic acknowledgment, substantive empowerment, and resource transfer. Using eastern India's distinct caste and class dynamics, the article provides a deeper view of Dalit politics outside popular narratives. It concludes that marginalized communities and the state negotiate the politics of inclusion, where grassroots movements reshape democracy.
J. Krishnamurti’s Concept of Truth and Reality: A Philosophical Analysis
This paper examines Jiddu Krishnamurti’s distinctive understanding of philosophy through his reflections on truth, reality, thought, and self-knowledge. Unlike traditional philosophical systems that depend on doctrines, theoretical structures, or established traditions, Krishnamurti presents philosophy as a living inquiry grounded in direct perception and personal insight. For him, philosophy does not consist in the accumulation of knowledge or intellectual speculation but in the discovery of truth through attentive awareness of everyday life. A central theme of his thought is the fundamental distinction between reality and truth. Reality, according to Krishnamurti, is shaped by thought and therefore conditioned, limited, and fragmented, whereas truth lies beyond the field of thought and cannot be grasped through conceptual or psychological processes. He rejects the idea of any fixed path, religious authority, or philosophical system leading to truth, emphasizing instead individual understanding and inner freedom. The paper also explores his analysis of conditioning, illusion, and psychological conflict, showing how human suffering arises from the limitations of thought and the constructed sense of self. Krishnamurti connects the realization of truth with intelligence, self-observation, and freedom from accumulated beliefs and conditioning. Furthermore, his views on education highlight the need for a holistic awakening of the mind that encourages awareness rather than conformity. Ultimately, Krishnamurti redefines philosophy as a transformative process of self-knowledge in which truth is realized through direct insight rather than intellectual pursuit, offering a radical alternative to both traditional metaphysics and modern rationalism.
Territorial Imagination and Social Realism: The Regionalist Vision in Shailjanand Mukherjee’s Fiction
In order to better understand how Shailjanand Mukherjee's regionalist vision reflects the lived reality of marginalized groups, this study examines the relationship between territorial imagination and social realism in his literature. It contends that Mukherjee's stories establish the area as a significant social and cultural space shaped by history, power, and human experience rather than merely depicting a location. By closely examining his writings, the study demonstrates how rural and semi-urban Bengal develops into a vibrant place where caste, class, poverty, and identity issues are intricately linked to day-to-day existence. The essay also looks at how Mukherjee avoids romanticism and exaggeration by presenting these realities honestly and deeply through the literary technique of social realism. His characters are presented as dynamic people who exhibit resiliency and autonomy while simultaneously struggling within social institutions. The study also emphasizes how the concept of territorial imagination aids in comprehending the symbolic significance of space in his literature, as social and emotional situations are reflected in landscapes. Mukherjee's balanced portrayal of the conflicts between tradition and modernity is demonstrated by the discussion of the relationship between regional life and contemporary developments. His writing challenges readers to consider societal injustice and personal responsibility by fusing narrative style with ethical engagement. The study concludes that Mukherjee's regionalist literature provides a potent illustration of how local experiences can convey more general social realities and advance the Indian social realism tradition.
Sacred Alloys: A Historical Study of Ritual Continuity and Religious Symbolism in the Dokra Craft of Bengal
As a prime illustration of the interplay among material culture, ceremonial continuity, and religious symbolism, this article analyses Bengali Dokra craft. One of the earliest types of metalworking that have survived from the Indian subcontinent is Dokra, which is characterized by its traditional lost-wax casting technique. The study delves into the historical evolution of this art while preserving its fundamental ritual roles and symbolic connotations. It emphasizes how artisan groups play an important part in maintaining cultural identity through common behaviours and passing down inherited knowledge systems. Dokra artifacts serve as votive gifts, symbolic representations of deities, and items of cultural expression in local religious contexts; this paper investigates their ceremonial use in these situations. Additionally, it delves into the ways in which tribal customs, Hindu beliefs, and local folklore are reflected in the motifs and shapes used in Dokra art. Simultaneously, the research takes into account how the craft has been affected by commercialization, globalization, and modernity, highlighting both the chances for economic growth and the threats to maintaining its spiritual value. The article contends that Dokra craft is best seen as an active and changing practice rather than a fixed artifact of the past by drawing on wider discussions on heritage, tradition, and cultural sustainability. The text highlights the importance of maintaining a balance between innovation and the preservation of ritual and symbolic elements in order for this tradition to survive. The research concludes that the Dokra skill is a living legacy that shows how traditional knowledge is strong and how art, religion, and communal life in Bengal are interconnected.
Level of Crop Diversification in the Dandakaranya Region: A Geographical Analysis
Crop diversification refers to the number of crops cultivated within a specific region. The Dandakaranya region serves as the unit of study in the present research paper. Secondary data has been utilized for this study, sourced from the Agricultural Statistics Tables for the year 2023–24, published by the Office of the Commissioner of Land Records, Chhattisgarh, Raipur. For the analysis of the Crop Diversification Index, the methodology employed by Bhatia (1965) has been adopted. To determine the level of crop diversification, the analysis includes all crops sown across areas exceeding 0.1 percent of the total cultivated land in each of the seven districts comprising the Dandakaranya region. The analysis reveals that within the Dandakaranya region, crop diversification is high in the districts of Bastar, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, Dantewada, and Sukma; moderate in Kanker; and low in Bijapur. Abstract in Hindi Language: शस्य विविधता किसी क्षेत्र में उगाई जाने वाली फसलों की संख्या को प्रदर्शित करता है । प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र में अध्ययन की इकाई दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश है। शोध हेतु द्वितीयक आंकड़ों का प्रयोग किया गया है जो कार्यालय आयुक्त भू-अभिलेख छत्तीसगढ़, रायपुर द्वारा जारी कृषि सांख्यिकी सारणी वर्ष 2023-24 से प्राप्त किए गए हैं । शस्य विविधता सूचकांक के विश्लेषण हेतु भाटिया (1965) द्वारा प्रयुक्त विधि का प्रयोग किया गया है । शस्य विविधता का स्तर ज्ञात करने के लिए दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश के सभी सातों जिलों के 0.1 प्रतिशत से अधिक क्षेत्रफल पर बोई गई फसलों को सम्मिलित किया गया है । विश्लेषण से स्पष्ट हुआ कि दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश में बस्तर, कोण्डागांव, नारायणपुर, दंतेवाड़ा एवं सुकमा जिले में शस्य विविधता स्तर उच्च, कांकेर जिले में मध्यम एवं बीजापुर जिले में निम्न है । Keywords: दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश, शस्य विविधता, सूचकांक, स्तर ।
The Middle Path in Education: A Philosophical Approach to Balanced Learning
As a philosophical framework for well-rounded education, the Middle Path is the subject of this article. Excessive academic pressure, an overemphasis on test scores, and an ever-increasing reliance on digital technology are some of the extremes that shape learning in today’s educational system. Meanwhile, people often fail to prioritize their emotional health and ethical development. Because of this disparity, students experience anxiety, disengagement, and stunted personal development. This study presents the Middle Path as a viable framework for re-establishing harmony in contemporary educational systems; it has its origins in Buddhist thought. A person’s intellectual, emotional, and ethical growth should all be in harmony with one another, and the Middle Path stresses moderation and awareness in this regard. Presenting a holistic view of education as an ongoing process of balanced development, this study integrates viewpoints from Eastern philosophy with those of Western educational theorists like Dewey, Freire, and Noddings. It argues that we should be teaching students to think critically, emotionally, and reflectively in addition to acquiring factual knowledge. Concerning modern issues in education, such as student anxiety, information overload, and a lack of focus on health and wellness, I believe the Middle Path to be extremely pertinent. In order to foster academic success and personal growth, it provides teachers with a philosophical and practical framework for designing balanced instructional practices. The authors of this study draw the conclusion that today’s students can be better prepared for life’s challenges by following the Middle Path in the classroom.
The history of Split in the Congress Party and the role of Gandhiji
The Indian National Congress (INC), despite its foundational role in India's freedom struggle, has experienced numerous debilitating splits throughout its history. This article examines the major schisms—from the Moderates-Extremists division of 1907 to the Indira-Syndicate split of 1969 and the subsequent fragmentation of 1978—with particular focus on the paradoxical role of Mahatma Gandhi. Drawing exclusively on pre-2022 historical sources, the article argues that while Gandhi was the supreme unifier who transformed the Congress into a mass movement, his method of maintaining organizational cohesion through tactical compromise and charismatic authority inadvertently embedded structural weaknesses into the party. Gandhi prioritized unity over ideological clarity, accommodating Swarajists, socialists, and conservatives within a single umbrella. This created a "catch-all party" held together by personal loyalty to the Mahatma rather than shared principles. After his assassination in 1948, the absence of comparable moral authority led to increasing factionalism, culminating in the cataclysmic split of 1969. The article concludes that the Congress's post-independence fragmentation was not a betrayal of Gandhian ideals but their logical, unintended consequence—a party built for opposition proved structurally incapable of sustained governance.
Problems And Prospects of School Internship Program of D.El.Ed. Course in Dakshin Dinajpur
The school internship program has a great significance in Elementary and Secondary Teacher Education because it guarantees the professional preparation of efficient and skillful teachers. It gives them a real chance to learn about the teaching profession in schools and the prospects for working circumstances in the real teaching profession in the future. In recent years, a school internship program has been added to many pre-service teacher education programs, increasing the amount of time student teachers spend in field placements. This school internship program is intended to serve as a transition between being a student-teacher and having full teaching responsibilities. It is usually longer than a practice teaching session. The goal of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of internship programs both prior to and following the practice teaching time. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this investigation. The population consisted of all pupil-teachers and Teacher Educators Of D.El.Ed. course of Dakshin Dinajpur district. The eighty (80) Pupil-Teachers and five (05) Teacher Educators were selected as samples. This data was collected during the academic session 2023-2025. The research was conducted using a three-point Likert scale and comprehensive interviews. The results indicate that Pupil-Teachers perceive school internship programs as a genuine opportunity to enhance and develop their teaching abilities in a real elementary school environment. The insights gained from interviewing Teacher Educators suggest that the school internship program represents the most significant challenge for improving teaching skills and has a substantial effect on the learning-teaching performance of Pupil-Teachers.
The Idea of Self in the Philosophy of René Descartes: A Critical Study
This paper explores René Descartes’ idea of the self, focusing on its philosophical, metaphysical, and epistemological aspects. I examine how Descartes establishes the certainty of the self as a thinking substance, apart from the body, and capable of self-awareness by using the method of radical doubt and the cogito. The study highlights the conflict between the self’s undeniable existence and its embodied, relational reality by examining Cartesian dualism and its implications for comprehending mind-body relations. I assess the shortcomings and difficulties of the Cartesian self, especially with regard to its separation from social and experience circumstances, using critical viewpoints from Chamberlain (2020), Alanen (2016), and Ryle. In my opinion, Descartes’ paradigm encourages contemplation of the more expansive, lived aspects of personal identity while also offering a strict epistemological basis for self-consciousness and rational agency. In order to bridge historical and modern discussions on consciousness, identity, and moral responsibility, this paper contends that interacting with Descartes’ philosophy allows for a greater awareness of the self as both a thinking entity and a situated, embodied agent. I hope to shed light on Cartesian self-theory’s lasting effect as well as the important issues it poses about the nature of human subjectivity and self-awareness by placing it within contemporary philosophical conversation.
Enhanced L1-Convergence Theorems for Modified Cosine and Sine Series
This paper builds on previous research that examined the L1-convergence of modified sine and cosine series. We demonstrate enhanced convergence theorems that expand and extend previous results in this domain by incorporating particular novel types of coefficients. The analysis employs summability techniques and revised inequalities to enhance the sufficient requirements for L1-convergence of trigonometric series. These results not only validate previously established theorems but also establish a foundation for a broader framework applicable to an expanded class of modified trigonometric sums. Our findings illuminate the dynamics of convergence in Fourier-type expansions and propose novel avenues for investigation in harmonic analysis and approximation theory.
The Practical Value of Buddhist Non-Violence in Contemporary International Conflicts
The usefulness of Buddhist nonviolence in resolving current international crises is critically examined in this essay. I contend that Buddhist non-violence provides not only a moral ideal but also a cogent philosophical and practical framework for conflict transformation in the twenty-first century, drawing on central Buddhist ideas like ahimsa (non-harming), karuṇā (compassion), and pratītyasamutpāda (dependent origination). Buddhist philosophy offers a multifaceted explanation of conflict that goes beyond actual fighting to include structural injustice, systemic inequity, and ideological polarization by placing violence within the psychological foundations of greed, hatred, and illusion. This study shows how Buddhist non-violence challenges state-centric and power-driven paradigms by emphasizing ethical interdependence, moral responsibility, and relational diplomacy through critical engagement with international relations theory, peace studies, and global justice discourse. The essay goes on to examine the ways in which non-violent resistance movements, humanitarian involvement, and peacebuilding projects have used Buddhist-inspired techniques including mindfulness, restorative dialogue, and compassionate governance. I argue that Buddhist non-violence is still relevant today because it offers a comprehensive route to lasting peace by fusing inner moral development with external structural change. Buddhist non-violence offers a normative and useful alternative that reframes international conflict resolution as a process based on empathy, fairness, and shared human dignity in a world order that is becoming more and more influenced by militarization, economic inequality, and ecological crises.
Port Labour Mobilisation and Anti-Colonial Politics in Bengal
In order to show how dock workers and marine labour communities were important players in the larger fight against British colonial power; this study explores the historical relationship between port labour mobilization and anti-colonial politics in Bengal. The paper makes the case that the port of Calcutta served as a hub for imperial trade as well as a vibrant political arena where class consciousness and nationalist sentiment collided, drawing on labour history, colonial economic policy, and nationalist political organizations. A sizable workforce of migrant and casual labourer’s, who endured difficult working conditions, racial discrimination, and exploitative wage systems, was crucial to colonial port administration. Over time, these systemic injustices led to the development of collective complaints, which fuelled organized opposition and labour solidarity. The study shows how labour mobilization in the port industry; via strikes, union activity, and involvement in nationalist movements; helped Bengali working-class communities become more politicized. It also looks at how left-leaning labour groups and nationalist leaders tactically involved port workers, turning labour disputes into more extensive anti-colonial political activism. The book illustrates how economic exploitation under colonial capitalism gave rise to forms of resistance that went beyond strictly industrial demands by examining significant labour unrest moments and their ties to nationalist politics. Thus, the mobilization of port labour symbolized a challenge to imperial authority as well as a fight for workers’ rights. In the end, this study contributes to a better understanding of how class-based movements interacted with nationalist politics in late colonial India and emphasizes the importance of labouring classes in forming Bengal’s anti-colonial public sphere. As a result, the study reframes port labour as an active historical force within the broader context of India’s anti-colonial fight rather than as a marginal industrial group.