Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary
type: channel
description: UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) follows ethical publishing standards and adheres to the principles of quality assurance and academic integrity as outlined in the guidelines for peer-reviewed journals. The journal ensures that all published research undergoes a rigorous peer review process, maintaining transparency, originality, and academic credibility in accordance with established scholarly publishing norms. Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) (ISSN: 2583-0031, Online) is a peer-reviewed international journal committed to publishing high-quality scholarly work across a wide range of multidisciplinary fields. The journal provides an inclusive platform for researchers, practitioners, and scholars to present original contributions spanning international, regional, and interdisciplinary studies. RRIJM aims to advance knowledge by publishing rigorous theoretical and empirical research that addresses contemporary issues in multidisciplinary domains. In addition to research articles, the journal features case studies with practical implications, as well as papers focused on teaching and learning in Business and Management, Social Sciences, and the Humanities. The journal also welcomes critical reviews of recently published books relevant to these fields. Unlike conventional journals that focus on narrowly defined subject areas, RRIJM encourages cross-disciplinary engagement, enabling research to reach a broader scientific audience without disciplinary limitations. Journal Information Journal Start Year: 2021 Journal Title: Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) ISSN (Online): 2583-0031 Publication Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Journal Accessibility: Open Access DOI: Crossref DOI to each article Impact Factor: 5.02 (IIJIF) Subject Areas: Business & Management; Social Sciences; Humanities Language: English Publ…
publisher: Research Review Publication (Reg. No. UDYAM-GJ-14-0031580)
language: en
publication name: Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary
issn: 2583-0031
items: A Conceptual Study on Comparison of Capital Structure of Selected Auto mobile Companies of India
items: Digitalization of Tourism and its Evolution in the Indian context
items: Smart Classrooms: Current Trends in Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Higher Education
items: Work-life Dynamics and Interplay Family Status among Tea Garden workers of Assam: A study
items: Stress Dynamics in Organizations: A Comparative Study of Employees at Different Management Levels
items: Impact of Artificial Intelligence Adoption on Managerial Decision-Making and Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analytic and Empirical Investigation
items: Nomadic Pastoralism and Social Marginalisation among the Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand: A Critical Review of Secondary Research
items: Rewriting the Mahabharata: Mythic Revisionism and Gender in The Palace of Illusions
items: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Dalit Women's Empowerment: An Analytical Study
items: An EPQ Model for Deteriorating Inventory under Carbon Emission Regulations and Sustainable Production
items: Study of Rainfall Variability in Semi Arid Region with Reference to Pali District, Rajasthan, India
items: Development of Tribal Governance in West Bengal Since 1990
items: An Analytical Study on the Application of Linear Programming Models for Employment Generation in Small-Scale Industries in India
items: Speaking from the Margins: Caste, Gender and Self-Assertion in Select Dalit Autobiographies
items: Judicial Trends in Biotechnology Patent Infringement Cases in India
items: A Historical and Policy Oriented Analysis of Water Challenges in Assam from Ancient Times to Present
items: Hate Speech in India: History, Constitutional Limits and Legal Regulation
items: The Damage Done to Minds: Reading Ashis Nandy's The Intimate Enemy as a Psychology of Colonial Rule
items: Visualizing Holistic Student Assessment: A Novel Algorithm for Radial Report Card Diagram
items: Impact of Eco-Tourism on Sariska Tiger Reserve: Opportunities and Challenges
items: Nyaya Over Danda: An Analysis of the Legal and Constitutional Rights of Prisoners under the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
items: Artificial Intelligence in Teacher Education: Towards a Competency Based, Ethically Grounded Conceptual Model
items: Archaeological Analysis of Temple Architecture and Sculpture in Jharkhand (1200–1750 AD)
items: The Utopian Paradox: Factual Constraints, Governance Dynamics, and the Critique of the Minimal State
items: Menstrual Distress amongst Females in Gwalior, India: A pilot study
items: Girmit History and Diasporic Consciousness in the Writings of Satendra Nandan
items: Impact of Climate Change on Indian Water Resources: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach
items: The Concept of Eternity in Western Philosophy: A Philosophical Analysis
items: Ahimsa as a Universal Ethical Principle: Gandhian Perspective
items: The Philosophy of Divine Love: A Comparative Study of Sufi Mysticism and Bhakti Movement

A Conceptual Study on Comparison of Capital Structure of Selected Auto mobile Companies of India
type: item
description: The capital structure is one of the important financial decisions taken by a firm. it is the combination of debt and equity used to finance business operations and long-term investments. A proper capital structure helps a company to minimise its cost of capital, increase profitability, ensure financial stability, and maximise shareholders’ wealth. The Indian auto mobile industry requires huge capital for manufacturing, research and development, technological innovation and business expansion. Therefore, it is essential to choose the right combination of debt and equity for sustainable growth. The paper ends by noting there is no one perfect capital structure for all firms. Each auto mobile company chooses a pattern of financing based on its operating requirements, profitability, opportunities for growth and ability to bear risks. A sound capital structure supports long-term financial performance, builds investor confidence, and improves the company’s competitive position in the marketplace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Capital Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Debt
  topic: keywords
subject: Equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Automobile Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Companies in India
  topic: keywords
creator: Jayshreeben Dalpatbhai Parmar
creator: Deepak Raste
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 07
ending page: 11
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.002

Digitalization of Tourism and its Evolution in the Indian context
type: item
description: The tourism industry in India has experienced a significant transformation via digitalization that has redefined destination marketing, travel management and tourist experiences. This exploratory research explores the conceptual dimensions and evolutionary phases of digital tourism in the Indian context through secondary sources such as scientific literature, government reports and tourism policies. The study highlights the emergence of e-tourism, m-tourism, virtual tourism and Tourism 4.0 by integrating technologies such as mobile applications, digital payment systems, virtual reality and online booking platforms. It also discusses about the role of major government initiatives such as Digital India, PRASAD, Swadesh Darshan, NIDHI, PMGDISHA and UPI in accelerating tourism digitalization and enhancing connectivity, access and tourism management. The rapid rise in smart phone and internet usage and the growth of online travel agencies have given a big boost to tourism and economic opportunities in India. However, the sector still has challenges such as cyber insecurity, infrastructure limitations, lack of digital literacy, over-crowding of destinations and fragmented tourism policies. The study concludes that there is a great potential of digitalization to improve the sustainable tourism development and to improve the competitiveness of the Indian tourism industry in the long run.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: smart tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: digital literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: digital access
  topic: keywords
creator: Carol Christine Lepcha
creator: Debdip Bhattacharjee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 12
ending page: 18
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.003

Smart Classrooms: Current Trends in Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Higher Education
type: item
description: The rapid maturation of generative and adaptive artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is reshaping how universities design learning spaces, deliver instruction, and support students. This paper reviews current trends in the integration of AI into smart classrooms within higher education, drawing on recent industry reports, market analyses, and peer-reviewed literature from 2025 and 2026. It examines five converging trend areas: adaptive learning and intelligent tutoring systems; generative AI teaching assistants and “co-pilot” models of instruction; real-time learning analytics and predictive assessment; Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled physical classroom infrastructure; and automation of administrative and content-creation workloads. The paper further surveys adoption statistics, institutional investment patterns, and the emerging regulatory landscape governing AI use in education. It concludes by outlining persistent challenges — data privacy, algorithmic bias, academic integrity, and equitable access — and identifies directions for future research and institutional practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: smart classroom
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptive learning
  topic: keywords
subject: intelligent tutoring systems
  topic: keywords
subject: learning analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: educational technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Ashvin Nisarta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 96
ending page: 101
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.011

Work-life Dynamics and Interplay Family Status among Tea Garden workers of Assam: A study
type: item
description: In the tea production India stands one of the significant position in the world and within country Assam produces highest tea production. The tea business in Assam has been playing a significant rule in state economy but work life balance whether public or private life as a major problem among tea garden workers. Work life dynamics are characterized by demanding plantation economy that significantly shapes the family structure and status. This study will be focusing on the family status and working life style of tea estates workers and to study the relationship between family status and work life dynamics. The study will cover the entire working people that have been working in different tea estates in Sonitpur and Biswanath District of Assam. The study found that though tea garden workers make up most of the workforce but they are facing lots of key issues relating to family, socio-economic status, etc. which is very much challenging for maintain work -life dynamics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Work-life Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Tea Garden workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Assamese nationality
  topic: keywords
subject: community empowerment
  topic: keywords
creator: Nabanita Sarmah
creator: Pradip Mochahary
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 19
ending page: 26
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.004

Stress Dynamics in Organizations: A Comparative Study of Employees at Different Management Levels
type: item
description: Workplace stress has emerged as one of the most critical organizational challenges due to increasing work demands, technological changes, evolving job roles, and blurred work–life boundaries. This study investigates the factors influencing employee stress and evaluates their impact on stress management effectiveness across different management levels. Drawing from stress appraisal theory and occupational stress literature, the study examines the influence of work demand, organizational support, role clarity, career uncertainty, and workplace relationships on employee stress experience and coping effectiveness. A quantitative research design was adopted using data collected from 75 employees across different managerial levels and varying experience levels. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to examine relationships among latent constructs. The findings reveal that work demand significantly increases employee stress, whereas organizational support significantly reduces stress levels and improves stress management effectiveness. Role clarity also emerged as an important determinant of employee stress outcomes. Correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between work demand and overall stress (r = 0.45), a negative relationship between organizational support and stress (r = −0.40), and a positive association between organizational support and coping effectiveness (r = 0.53). Path analysis further confirmed that organizational support had the strongest positive influence on stress management effectiveness (β = 0.64), while work demand and role ambiguity negatively affected outcomes. The study also observed that stress levels did not significantly differ across gender or management levels, suggesting that workplace stress is increasingly becoming an organization-wide concern rather than being restricted to demographic categories. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening organizational support systems, improving role clarity, and designi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: organizational support
  topic: keywords
subject: role clarity
  topic: keywords
subject: stress management effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: structural equation modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: work demand and workplace stress
  topic: keywords
creator: E.M. Naresh Babu
creator: Rinal Nizar Jiwani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 45
ending page: 51
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.008

Impact of Artificial Intelligence Adoption on Managerial Decision-Making and Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analytic and Empirical Investigation
type: item
description: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into organizational decision-making processes has emerged as a transformative force reshaping managerial practices and performance outcomes. This study employs a meta-analytic approach to quantitatively synthesize empirical evidence on the relationship between AI adoption, managerial decision-making effectiveness, and organizational performance. Drawing on 25 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2019 and 2025, the meta-analysis examines effect sizes across 12,847 observations from organizational contexts globally, with specific focus on Indian enterprises. The analysis reveals a significant positive relationship between AI adoption and managerial decision-making effectiveness (r = 0.42, 95% CI [0.38, 0.46]), and between decision-making effectiveness and organizational performance (r = 0.48, 95% CI [0.44, 0.52]). The mediation analysis confirms that decision-making effectiveness significantly mediates the AI-performance relationship. Furthermore, the study incorporates primary empirical validation through survey data from 312 Indian organizations, analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings provide robust evidence that AI adoption, when effectively integrated into decision-making processes, significantly enhances organizational performance. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of AI's role in organizations and provides practical guidance for managers navigating AI implementation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence Adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Managerial Decision-Making
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: PLS-SEM
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Enterprises
  topic: keywords
creator: Krishna Kumar Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 128
ending page: 137
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.015

Nomadic Pastoralism and Social Marginalisation among the Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand: A Critical Review of Secondary Research
type: item
description: The Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand constitute a distinctive forest-dependent pastoral community whose social, economic, and cultural life has historically been shaped by seasonal migration, buffalo husbandry, and sustained interaction with Himalayan Forest ecosystems. In recent decades, however, changes in forest governance, expansion of protected areas, conservation policies, relocation programmes, and uncertainty surrounding customary forest rights have significantly altered their traditional livelihood system. This study critically reviews existing secondary literature to examine the relationship between nomadic pastoralism, environmental governance, and social marginalisation among the Van Gujjars. The study adopts a qualitative critical review design and uses thematic analysis to synthesise evidence from scholarly articles, books, doctoral research, government and policy documents, and institutional reports. The analysis is guided by Political Ecology and Social Exclusion Theory, which together provide a framework for understanding how environmental policies, institutional arrangements, unequal resource access, and limited participation in public institutions contribute to marginalisation. The findings indicate that the challenges experienced by the Van Gujjars extend beyond economic deprivation and include restricted access to forest resources, education, healthcare, welfare programmes, legal recognition, and political representation. At the same time, the community possesses substantial indigenous ecological knowledge and demonstrates considerable resilience through livelihood adaptation and community-based practices. The study argues for a shift from exclusionary conservation approaches toward participatory and inclusive forest governance that recognises customary rights, local knowledge, livelihood security, and community participation. It further proposes a socio-ecological marginalisation perspective for understanding the interconnected processes shaping the …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Van Gujjars
  topic: keywords
subject: Nomadic Pastoralism
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Marginalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Exclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Forest Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Onima Sharma
creator: Satyam Dwivedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2022-12-31
publication date: 2022-12-31
starting page: 31
ending page: 41
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2022.v02.n04.007

Rewriting the Mahabharata: Mythic Revisionism and Gender in The Palace of Illusions
type: item
description: This paper discusses Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Palace of Illusions (2008) as an example of mythic revisionism, which re-narrates the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata from the perspective of its most marginalised central character, Draupadi, renamed Panchaali. Whereas the traditional epic depicts Draupadi as a catalyst for male conflict and dynastic war, told from an external perspective through the voices of sages, warriors, and kings, Divakaruni’s retelling reconfigures her as the novel's sole narrator, redistributing narrative authority along explicitly gendered lines. The study argues that Divakaruni’s revisionist project is located at the level of both form and content: formally, through the deliberate transformation of a multi-vocal, episodic epic into a sustained first-person novel that grants its female protagonist the kind of psychological interiority that has historically been reserved for epic heroes; and thematically, through the reclamation of Panchaali’s voice at moments of profound gendered violence, most notably her public humiliation in the Kaurava court, where the novel insists on foregrounding her subjective experience rather than its consequences for the men around her. The paper also addresses the more ambiguous area of female desire and agency in the text, following the ways that Panchaali’s personal ambitions, her rebellious intervention in her own swayamvar and her long-held hidden love for Karna, point to a heroine who resists patriarchy even as she is caught in the web of caste, marriage and dynastic obligation that bind her. This study builds on detailed textual analysis and existing feminist work on the novel to argue that Divakaruni's retelling does not just offer a feminist triumphalist narrative, but a more complex re-imagining of myth in which female interiority, voice, and desire, structurally absent from the source epic, are re-inserted without effacing the limitations that still constrain them. Finally, this paper contextualises The…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
  topic: keywords
subject: The Palace of Illusions
  topic: keywords
subject: Mahabharata
  topic: keywords
subject: mythic revisionism
  topic: keywords
subject: Draupadi/Panchaali
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: feminist retelling
  topic: keywords
subject: narrative voice
  topic: keywords
subject: female agency
  topic: keywords
subject: patriarchy
  topic: keywords
creator: Kavita Soni
creator: Sagar S. Vyas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 27
ending page: 32
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.005

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Dalit Women's Empowerment: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: The Indian social structure has historically been characterized by a deep interrelationship between the caste system and the subordination of women. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was the first scholar to expose this relationship in a systematic and profound manner. He argued that the foundation of the caste system rests upon the control of women's bodies and their sexuality, and therefore, the annihilation of caste is impossible without the liberation of women. The present paper seeks to examine the concept of Dalit women's empowerment through the writings, speeches, and legislative contributions of Dr. Ambedkar. The study particularly focuses on his historic address delivered at the All India Dalit Women's Conference held in Nagpur in July 1942, his prolonged struggle for the enactment of the Hindu Code Bill, and his observations on women's issues in his seminal works, including Annihilation of Caste and Who Were the Shudras? The paper also analyzes the extent and nature of the socio-economic changes experienced by Dalit women in post-independence India and evaluates the contemporary relevance of Dr. Ambedkar's ideas in addressing the challenges faced by Dalit women today. The study adopts a qualitative and analytical research methodology and is primarily based on secondary sources. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय समाज-व्यवस्था में जाति और स्त्री की अधीनता के बीच जो गहरा अंतर्संबंध रहा है, उसे सैद्धांतिक धरातल पर सबसे पहले और सबसे तीखेपन से डॉ. भीमराव रामजी अंबेडकर ने उजागर किया। उन्होंने यह स्थापित किया कि जाति व्यवस्था की नींव स्त्री की देह और उसकी यौनिकता के नियंत्रण पर टिकी है, और इसीलिए जब तक स्त्री मुक्त नहीं होगी, जाति का उन्मूलन संभव नहीं। प्रस्तुत आलेख डॉ. अंबेडकर के लेखन, उनके भाषणों तथा उनकी विधायी गतिविधियों के आलोक में दलित स्त्रियों के सशक्तिकरण की अवधारणा को समझने का प्रयास करता है। इस अध्ययन में विशेष रूप से जुलाई 1942 में नागपुर में अखिल भारतीय दलित महिला परिषद में दिए गए उनके ऐतिहासिक संबोधन, हिन्दू कोड बिल को लेकर उनके लंबे संघर्ष, तथा ‘जाति का व…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
  topic: keywords
subject: Dalit Women
  topic: keywords
subject: Women's Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Caste System
  topic: keywords
subject: Hindu Code Bill
  topic: keywords
subject: Women's Subordination
  topic: keywords
subject: Inter-caste Marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Buddhism (Buddha Dharma)
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Manju Kumari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 120
ending page: 127
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.014

An EPQ Model for Deteriorating Inventory under Carbon Emission Regulations and Sustainable Production
type: item
description: Growing environmental concern and the tightening of statutory carbon-emission regulations have compelled manufacturing firms to look beyond the traditional cost-minimisation objective of inventory management and to internalise the environmental cost of their production activity. This paper develops an Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model for a single deteriorating item manufactured at a finite production rate under a carbon-tax regulatory regime. Inventory is assumed to deteriorate at a constant rate once produced, and the total relevant cost per unit time is constructed by combining the classical set-up, production, holding and deterioration costs with an explicit carbon-emission cost arising from production, storage and disposal of deteriorated units. Closed-form expressions for the optimal cycle length, production quantity and minimum total cost are derived using a first-order perturbation approximation that is valid for small deterioration rates, and the convexity of the cost function is established analytically. A numerical example illustrates the working of the model, and a detailed sensitivity analysis is carried out with respect to the deterioration rate, the carbon-tax rate, the demand rate and the holding-cost parameter. The results show that while the total cost is highly sensitive to the demand rate and moderately sensitive to the holding-cost parameter, it is only mildly affected by the carbon-tax rate, implying that a firm can absorb reasonable carbon-tax escalation without materially altering its production-lot-sizing policy. The study offers managerial insights for production planners operating under emission-trading or carbon-tax regulations and provides a foundation for extending sustainable production–inventory research to more general deterioration and demand structures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economic Production Quantity (EPQ)
  topic: keywords
subject: Deteriorating Inventory
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Emission
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Production
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Supply Chain
  topic: keywords
subject: Inventory Optimisation
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajendra Prasad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 111
ending page: 119
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.013

Study of Rainfall Variability in Semi Arid Region with Reference to Pali District, Rajasthan, India
type: item
description: The unique feature of the Indian monsoon is its irregularity and inconsistency. This feature of monsoon has different effects in different regions of the country. Rajasthan is located in the western part of India where arid and semi-arid and sometimes humid climatic conditions are found. Therefore, on the basis of these climatic features, anomalies arise in the monsoon of Rajasthan, which creates problems for the farmers. Due to which the condition of drought persists in this area. In this research paper, the analysis of rainfall variability of Pali district, located in the south-west part of Rajasthan, has been studied on the basis of data for the period of last 20 years (2003-2022). In this research paper, the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of standard deviation for the annual rainfall of the last 20 years in selected tehsils of Pali district have also been calculated. This result has been obtained from this calculation that during 20 years in Pali, maximum rainfall has occurred in Pali tehsil, followed by Sumerpur and Bali tehsils while the least rainfall has occurred in Raipur tehsil.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: irregularity
  topic: keywords
subject: anomaly
  topic: keywords
subject: arid
  topic: keywords
subject: semi-arid
  topic: keywords
subject: rainfall pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: rainfall variability
  topic: keywords
creator: Ashok Bishnoi
creator: Arjun Lal Meena
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 33
ending page: 37
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.006

Development of Tribal Governance in West Bengal Since 1990
type: item
description: Tribal governance in West Bengal has evolved through decentralization, legal reforms, and greater community participation since 1990. A major milestone was the strengthening of the Panchayati Raj Institutions following the constitutional amendments of the early 1990s, which increased the participation of Scheduled Tribes in local governance through reserved seats in village councils. The state also implemented the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 only to a limited extent because most tribal regions in West Bengal are not officially classified as Scheduled Areas. However, the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 significantly improved tribal governance by recognizing individual and community forest rights and involving Gramsabhas in forest management. The establishment and strengthening of the West Bengal Tribal Development Department enhanced the implementation of welfare schemes in education, healthcare, livelihoods, and infrastructure. Tribal advisory mechanisms and development boards were also created to address region-specific issues. Overall, since 1990, tribal governance in West Bengal has become more participatory and development-oriented. Greater representation in local institutions, legal recognition of rights, and targeted welfare initiatives have improved governance, although stronger implementation and increased community empowerment are still needed to achieve inclusive and sustainable tribal development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: participation
  topic: keywords
subject: empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: decentralisation
  topic: keywords
creator: Probhas Mondal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 38
ending page: 44
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.007

An Analytical Study on the Application of Linear Programming Models for Employment Generation in Small-Scale Industries in India
type: item
description: Small-scale industries occupy a strategic position in the Indian economy on account of their considerable contribution to employment generation, industrial output and export earnings, particularly in a labour-abundant and capital-scarce economy such as India. The optimal utilisation of limited resources such as capital, raw material, machine hours and labour is a persistent challenge before small entrepreneurs, and the manner in which these resources are allocated among competing products or activities has a direct bearing on the quantum of employment that can be generated. Linear Programming (LP), a well-established quantitative technique of Operations Research, offers a structured mathematical framework through which an optimal product-mix can be arrived at so as to maximise employment generation subject to the resource constraints actually faced by small units. This paper undertakes an analytical study of the applicability of LP models to the problem of employment generation in small-scale industries in India. Using a formulated LP model based on primary data collected from selected small-scale units and secondary data drawn from government publications, the study illustrates how the graphical and simplex methods of Linear Programming can be applied to determine an employment-maximising product-mix, and how sensitivity analysis can inform resource-allocation decisions. The findings indicate that Linear Programming is a practical and readily adoptable decision-support tool for both small entrepreneurs and policy planners engaged in employment planning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Linear Programming
  topic: keywords
subject: Small-Scale Industries
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment Generation
  topic: keywords
subject: Operations Research
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimisation
  topic: keywords
subject: MSME
  topic: keywords
subject: Product-Mix
  topic: keywords
subject: Resource Allocation
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Sajal Banerjee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 102
ending page: 110
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.012

Speaking from the Margins: Caste, Gender and Self-Assertion in Select Dalit Autobiographies
type: item
description: The Dalit autobiography has become an important literary, historical and political genre in contemporary Indian literature. Different from traditional autobiography which normally dwells on individual personality's development and achievements, Dalit autobiography is one that is linked to the collective experiences of socially marginalised communities. The present paper focuses on the portrayal of caste oppression, gender discrimination, poverty, educational exclusion and resistance in the works of Omprakash Valmiki's Joothan and Sharankumar Limbale's The Outcaste, Bama's Sangati and Baby Kamble's The Prisons We Broke. Comparatively and analytically, the paper contends that Dalit autobiographical writing operates as testimony and counter-narrative to the dominant versions of Indian society which obscure or naturalize the inequality of caste. The chosen writers turn oppression, being an untouchable, feeling hungry, living in a segregated society, working by birth and feeling humiliated by institutions into resources for critical knowledge. Gender is a special focus in Sangati and The Prisons We Broke, as Dalit women are at the centre of the exploitation and struggle with respect to caste, poverty and patriarchy, as well as becoming workers, storytellers, and subjects of resistance. The paper also examines how education and Ambedkarite consciousness helps to empower the marginalized to reframe humiliation as injustice and silence as a state to be challenged. It argues that the chosen autobiographies transcend the personal anguish and establish a collective voice that is based on dignity, memory, self-respect and social change.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dalit autobiography
  topic: keywords
subject: caste
  topic: keywords
subject: marginalized voice
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: testimony
  topic: keywords
subject: self-assertion
  topic: keywords
subject: Ambedkarite consciousness
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajani Kant
creator: Ram Krishna Paramhans
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 89
ending page: 95
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.010

Judicial Trends in Biotechnology Patent Infringement Cases in India
type: item
description: The biotechnology sector has emerged as a critical driver of innovation in healthcare, agriculture, and industrial processes, making patent protection indispensable for safeguarding investments in research and development. In India, biotechnology patent infringement disputes have gained prominence with the expansion of biopharmaceuticals, genetically modified organisms, and molecular diagnostic technologies. This study examines the evolving judicial trends in biotechnology patent infringement cases, focusing on the interpretation and application of the Patents Act, 1970, by Indian courts. It analyzes key judicial decisions concerning patent validity, infringement standards, scope of claims, compulsory licensing, and the balance between proprietary rights and public interest. The paper further evaluates the influence of international intellectual property norms and TRIPS obligations on Indian jurisprudence. Through a doctrinal analysis of landmark judgments, the study highlights the judiciary’s role in fostering innovation while ensuring access to essential technologies and medicines. It concludes that Indian courts have adopted a balanced and pragmatic approach in resolving biotechnology patent disputes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biotechnology Patents
  topic: keywords
subject: Patent Infringement
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectual Property Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Judiciary
  topic: keywords
subject: TRIPS Agreement
  topic: keywords
subject: Biopharmaceutical Innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Abhinav Narta
creator: Nitin Lasta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 79
ending page: 88
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.009

A Historical and Policy Oriented Analysis of Water Challenges in Assam from Ancient Times to Present
type: item
description: Assam, located in the Brahmaputra valley of Northeast India, represents a distinctive and historically rich case in the environmental and water history of South Asia. The region is endowed with abundant water resources in the form of major rivers, numerous tributaries, wetlands, high monsoonal rainfall, and groundwater reserves. These hydrological features have historically sustained agriculture, fisheries, inland navigation, trade, and dense patterns of human settlement. At the same time, Assam has been persistently shaped by water-related challenges such as recurrent floods, severe riverbank erosion, shifting river courses, wetland degradation, and periodic scarcity of safe drinking water. These challenges have produced long-term patterns of vulnerability, displacement, and socio-economic insecurity, particularly among the floodplains and riverine communities. This paper examines the evolution of water challenges in Assam from ancient and medieval periods especially during the Ahom rule through colonial flood-control policies and post-independence engineering interventions, and into the contemporary era marked by climate change, urbanization, and rapid socio-economic transformation. Drawing upon historical chronicles, secondary historical scholarship, government reports, and contemporary scientific studies, the paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach that integrates environmental history with policy analysis. It highlights how pre-colonial adaptive strategies emphasized coexistence with dynamic river systems, while colonial and modern interventions increasingly sought to control rivers through embankments and large-scale infrastructure. The paper argues that many present-day water challenges in Assam are not entirely new, but represent historical continuities shaped by past governance choices and development paradigms. In the context of climate change, which is intensifying hydrological extremes and uncertainty, the study emphasizes the importance of historical…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Water Resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental History
  topic: keywords
subject: Brahmaputra River
  topic: keywords
subject: Flood Management
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhanupriya Daimari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 01
ending page: 06
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n02.001

Hate Speech in India: History, Constitutional Limits and Legal Regulation
type: item
description: Hate speech is one of the most difficult problems in a constitutional democracy. Freedom of speech and expression is protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, but this freedom is not absolute. The Constitution permits reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). Hate speech creates a direct conflict between liberty and social responsibility. On one side, citizens must be free to speak, criticise, debate and disagree. On the other side, speech that spreads hatred against communities may harm public order, equality, dignity and fraternity. India does not have one single law which defines hate speech in a complete manner. Instead, different provisions under criminal law, election law and information technology law deal with different forms of hateful, inflammatory and communal speech. This article studies the history of hate speech regulation in India, its constitutional foundation, the legal framework under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the role of courts, digital hate speech, election-related hate speech and the need for reform. The article argues that India requires a balanced approach: hate speech must be controlled, but genuine criticism, dissent, academic discussion and political speech must remain protected.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hate speech
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom of speech
  topic: keywords
subject: Article 19
  topic: keywords
subject: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
  topic: keywords
subject: public order
  topic: keywords
subject: communal harmony
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional law
  topic: keywords
creator: Karan Singh Guleria
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 160
ending page: 168
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.017

The Damage Done to Minds: Reading Ashis Nandy's The Intimate Enemy as a Psychology of Colonial Rule
type: item
description: Ashis Nandy's The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism (1983) stands apart in postcolonial studies. Where most scholars have focused on political economies and administrative systems, Nandy turned his attention to something harder to measure but just as real: what colonialism does to the human psyche. This paper argues that Nandy's book offers a distinctive and still-relevant framework for understanding how colonial rule doesn't just exploit bodies but reshapes minds—sometimes permanently. Drawing on psychoanalysis, cultural criticism, and biographical sketches of figures like Kipling, Aurobindo, and Gandhi, Nandy shows that modern colonialism succeeds less through military power than through its ability to create new hierarchies that the colonized come to accept as natural. His work makes three lasting contributions: it treats colonialism as a shared culture that damages both sides of the relationship; it analyzes how colonial domination works through gender, feminizing the colonized man; and it offers a path toward psychological resistance through what Nandy calls the "uncolonized mind." The paper closes by asking what Nandy's psychology of colonialism might still teach us about globalization and neocolonialism today.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ashis Nandy
  topic: keywords
subject: The Intimate Enemy
  topic: keywords
subject: colonialism
  topic: keywords
subject: psychology
  topic: keywords
subject: postcolonial theory
  topic: keywords
subject: psychoanalysis
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: identity
  topic: keywords
subject: hybridity
  topic: keywords
subject: Gandhian thought
  topic: keywords
creator: Praveen Vijaykumar Ambesange
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 68
ending page: 78
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.008

Visualizing Holistic Student Assessment: A Novel Algorithm for Radial Report Card Diagram
type: item
description: The thorough evaluation of learner’s overall development has become a key component of contemporary education. Traditional report cards sometimes ignore important aspects like social, emotional, and physical development while placing a heavy emphasis on academic accomplishments. This conceptual research article fills the void by introducing an original technique made to create report cards based on radial diagrams. These report cards provide as thorough visual summaries of learners’ diverse growth throughout their secondary school years. The suggested algorithm's major goal is to present a comprehensive picture of students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. Additionally, it combines crucial 21st-century skills, encouraging an all-encompassing evaluation strategy. The computer effectively converts these data points into a radial diagram format by carefully combining data from many assessment techniques and areas. This diagram-based method provides a comprehensive view of student development that goes beyond only academic achievements. This research explores the theoretical foundations of holistic evaluation and emphasizes how crucial it is in determining students' overall progress. It goes into the algorithm's design considerations, data integration methods, and prospective effects on stakeholders in education. The suggested algorithm offers the possibility of revolutionizing the evaluation and communication of student achievement, giving educators, parents, and students a thorough understanding of progress and paving the way for a more fulfilling educational experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Holistic assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: student holistic card
  topic: keywords
subject: radial diagram
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary school stage
  topic: keywords
subject: cognitive domain
  topic: keywords
subject: affective domain
  topic: keywords
subject: psychomotor domain
  topic: keywords
subject: 21st-century skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Dinesh Rambhai Chocha
creator: Avilash Panda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 58
ending page: 67
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.007

Impact of Eco-Tourism on Sariska Tiger Reserve: Opportunities and Challenges
type: item
description: Ecotourism represents a sustainable approach to tourism that balances environmental conservation with economic development. This study examines the impact of ecotourism on Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, India. The paper analyzes both positive and negative impacts, including economic growth, biodiversity conservation, environmental pressure, and human-wildlife conflict. Using secondary data, graphical analysis, and tabular representation, the study evaluates tourism trends from 2010 to 2022 and corresponding ecological responses. The findings reveal that ecotourism has significantly contributed to local livelihoods and conservation funding, but increasing tourist pressure has created measurable ecological stress, including habitat disturbance and altered wildlife behavior. The study concludes that sustainable management practices—such as carrying capacity control, community participation, and eco-friendly infrastructure—are essential for maintaining long-term ecological balance while continuing to derive economic benefits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ecotourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Sariska Tiger Reserve
  topic: keywords
subject: Biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Rajasthan
  topic: keywords
subject: Human-Wildlife Conflict
  topic: keywords
creator: Satya Dev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30
starting page: 55
ending page: 60
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2023.v03.n02.007

Nyaya Over Danda: An Analysis of the Legal and Constitutional Rights of Prisoners under the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
type: item
description: Crime is committed everywhere in the world so, punishment for criminal is a recognized tool to remove the crime from the society. However, the penologist approach to punishment has also drastically changed due to the shifting patterns of contemporary society from the Deterrent approach to Reformative and Rehabilitation approach because as a matter of fact, no one is criminal by birth, it is the circumstances which compel a person to do an unlawful act. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 which was earlier named as The Indian Penal Code, 1860 has also taken a step towards the reformative approach through introduction of ‘Community Service’ as a punishment which aimed to achieving ‘Nyaya’ not ‘Danda’ in the society. This research paper attempts to highlights the historical background of Correctional Institutions in India and the rights of inmates with the help of various Legal and Constitutional provisions and Judicial Pronouncements for the welfare and protection of prisoners right.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nyaya Over Danda
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutional Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Prisons Act, 1894
  topic: keywords
creator: Manisha Thakur
creator: Promil Diwan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 37
ending page: 48
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.005

Artificial Intelligence in Teacher Education: Towards a Competency Based, Ethically Grounded Conceptual Model
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming expectations of teachers and teacher education, shifting practice from basic technology integration towards complex forms of AI literacy, human–AI collaboration, and ethical responsibility. Emerging research shows that pre service and in service teachers increasingly encounter AI tools such as generative AI, learning analytics dashboards, and intelligent tutoring systems, yet often possess only moderate AI related competencies and limited guidance on ethical, pedagogically sound use. At the same time, global and national frameworks, including UNESCO’s AI Competency Framework for Teachers and policy reforms such as India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, are beginning to define AI related teacher competencies but remain unevenly implemented in teacher education programmes (Ministry of Education, 2020; UNESCO, 2024). This conceptual paper synthesises recent empirical studies, systematic reviews, umbrella reviews, and policy documents on AI in teacher education and AI literacy to propose a competency based, ethically grounded conceptual model for AI integration in teacher preparation. Using a narrative, theory informed review of AI literacy frameworks, pre service teacher AI competence studies, conceptual work on human–AI hybrid pedagogy, and current debates on AI ethics in education, the paper identifies four interrelated dimensions: (a) AI related teacher competencies, (b) human–AI hybrid pedagogy, (c) ethical and equity-oriented governance, and (d) institutional and policy alignment. The model positions AI as augmenting—rather than replacing—teachers’ professional judgement and relational work and emphasises safeguarding human agency, inclusion, and academic integrity. Implications are drawn for curriculum design, professional development, assessment, and future research agendas in teacher education, particularly in contexts undergoing system reform such as India under NEP 2020.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: teacher education
  topic: keywords
subject: AI literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: professional competencies
  topic: keywords
subject: ethics
  topic: keywords
creator: Preeti Saxena
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 49
ending page: 57
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.006

Archaeological Analysis of Temple Architecture and Sculpture in Jharkhand (1200–1750 AD)
type: item
description: Between 1200 and 1750 AD, the development of temple architecture and sculpture in Jharkhand emerged as an important cultural process, clearly reflecting the influence of regional traditions, religious diversity, and political patronage. During this period, the rulers of the Nagvanshi, Chero, and Singhbhum regions patronized art and architecture, resulting in the evolution of a distinctive architectural style through the synthesis of the Nagara style and local tribal architecture. The temples prominently featured elements such as lofty shikharas (spires), garbhagriha (sanctum), and mandapas (pillared halls), while materials like sandstone, granite, and bricks were used in construction. Sculpture from this period shows the integration of Hindu, Jain, and tribal beliefs, with prominent depictions of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Ganesha, and Jain Tirthankaras. Archaeological evidence from sites such as Chutia, Benisagar, Anjandham, Deoghar, and Ramgarh confirms the rich artistic tradition of this era. These sculptures exhibit fine craftsmanship, balance, and symbolic expression. Abstract in Hindi Language: 1200-1750 ई. के मध्य झारखंड में मंदिर स्थापत्य और मूर्तिकला का विकास एक महत्वपूर्ण सांस्कृतिक प्रक्रिया के रूप में उभरकर सामने आता है, जिसमें क्षेत्रीय परंपराओं, धार्मिक विविधता और राजनीतिक संरक्षण का प्रभाव स्पष्ट रूप से देखा जा सकता है। इस काल में नागवंशी, चेरो और सिंहभूम के शासकों ने कला और स्थापत्य को संरक्षण प्रदान किया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप नागर शैली तथा स्थानीय आदिवासी वास्तुकला के समन्वय से एक विशिष्ट स्थापत्य शैली विकसित हुई। मंदिरों में ऊँचे शिखर, गर्भगृह और मंडप जैसे तत्व प्रमुख थे, जबकि निर्माण में बलुआ पत्थर, ग्रेनाइट और ईंटों का उपयोग किया गया। मूर्तिकला में हिंदू, जैन और जनजातीय आस्थाओं का समावेश मिलता है, जिसमें शिव, विष्णु, दुर्गा, गणेश तथा जैन तीर्थंकरों की प्रतिमाएँ प्रमुख हैं। चूटिया, बेनिसिगर, अंजनधाम, देवघर और रामगढ़ जैसे स्थलों से प्राप्त पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य इस काल की समृद्ध कला परंपरा को प्रमाणित करते हैं। इन मूर्तियों में सूक्ष्म नक्काशी, संतुलन और प्रत…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Jharkhand
  topic: keywords
subject: temple architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: sculpture
  topic: keywords
subject: Nagvanshi
  topic: keywords
subject: Nagara style
  topic: keywords
subject: archaeology
  topic: keywords
subject: tribal culture
  topic: keywords
subject: religious syncretism
  topic: keywords
creator: Digvijay Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 32
ending page: 36
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.004

The Utopian Paradox: Factual Constraints, Governance Dynamics, and the Critique of the Minimal State
type: item
description: This paper provides a critical examination of the feasibility of utopian states by synthesizing theoretical constructs with empirical and historical realities. It investigates the inherent tensions between utopian idealism and factual considerations such as human nature, economic viability, and resource scarcity. Furthermore, the study explores the "excitement gap" between the expansive visions of utopian theory and the restrained framework of the minimal state. By evaluating historical precedents and pragmatic constraints, the research aims to determine whether a state exceeding the minimal conception can be justified or sustained in the complex dynamics of the actual world.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Utopian Paradox
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Minimal State
  topic: keywords
subject: self-interest
  topic: keywords
creator: Irfan Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 73
ending page: 75
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2023.v03.n04.010

Menstrual Distress amongst Females in Gwalior, India: A pilot study
type: item
description: Menstrual distress is experienced differently by different females. While some may report negligible distress; others may report extreme levels of distress. Tools used for assessing menstrual distress have been developed in other countries and used accordingly. In India, menstrual distress forms were developed in 1989 by Chandra and Chaturvedi at National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore. This paper’s author has adapted and modified these forms for the Gwalior region to assess menstrual distress as a part of her Doctoral work, which are now called Modified Menstrual Distress Forms (MMDF). Findings of the pilot phase using MMDF which was administered on females in their reproductive years are mentioned. Participants’ feedback indicated the feasibility of using the same. It is hoped that the observed patterns of menstrual distress in this pilot study may be of help to the author while conducting the main study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: menstruation
  topic: keywords
subject: menstrual distress
  topic: keywords
subject: females
  topic: keywords
subject: Gwalior
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Jennifer Chandani
creator: N. K. Nagaich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 23
ending page: 31
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2026.v06.n01.003

Girmit History and Diasporic Consciousness in the Writings of Satendra Nandan
type: item
description: The system of indentured labour, commonly referred to as Girmit in Fiji, emerged in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 as a colonial mechanism to sustain plantation economies. Although presented as a contractual labour arrangement, the system replicated many oppressive features of slavery. This paper examines the historical evolution of the girmit system, the lived experiences of Indian indentured labourers in Fiji, and the cultural and psychological consequences of their displacement. It further explores the diasporic consciousness articulated in the literary works of Satendra Nandan, whose poetry and prose recover the silenced histories of the girmityas. By analysing Nandan’s major poems and autobiographical reflections, the paper argues that girmit history represents both trauma and transformation, contributing to the formation of Indo-Fijian identity. The study highlights the importance of memory, narrative, and literary representation in reclaiming marginalized histories and reinterpreting indenture as a site of resilience rather than mere victimhood.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Girmit
  topic: keywords
subject: Indenture System
  topic: keywords
subject: Indo-Fijian Diaspora
  topic: keywords
subject: Satendra Nandan
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonialism
  topic: keywords
subject: Displacement
  topic: keywords
subject: Diasporic Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiji
  topic: keywords
creator: Deepti Joshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 30
ending page: 33
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n04.005

Impact of Climate Change on Indian Water Resources: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach
type: item
description: Climate change has significantly impacted India's water resources, affecting rainfall patterns, river flows, groundwater levels, and overall water availability. Rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, and glacier retreat in the Himalayas have exacerbated water scarcity and increased the frequency of droughts and floods. This study explores the role of GIS and remote sensing technologies in assessing and managing these climate-induced changes. By analyzing satellite imagery, hydrological models, and spatial data, GIS provides insights into river basin dynamics, groundwater depletion, and land-use changes, enabling better decision-making for water conservation. Case studies on major river basins like Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Godavari highlight the practical applications of these technologies. The paper also discusses government policies and adaptation strategies to mitigate climate risks. Integrating remote sensing with sustainable water management practices is essential to ensure India’s long-term water security and resilience against climate change.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Erratic Monsoons
  topic: keywords
subject: Aquifer Mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: IWRM
  topic: keywords
subject: Over-Extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
creator: Jeetesh Joshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2023-03-31
publication date: 2023-03-31
starting page: 17
ending page: 24
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2023.v03.n01.004

The Concept of Eternity in Western Philosophy: A Philosophical Analysis
type: item
description: This essay traces the evolution of the idea of eternity from Ancient Greek metaphysics to modern philosophical debate, providing a thorough philosophical study of the term within the Western intellectual tradition. I contend that eternity has consistently been understood as a qualitatively unique way of existence that transcends time, change, and finitude rather than being merely an extension of chronological duration. The research looks at how classical philosophy developed the fundamental contrast between time and eternity, starting with the Presocratic and Platonic stress on permanence and unchangeable essence. Eternity becomes fundamental to theological metaphysics in medieval thought, especially in the writings of Augustine, Boethius, and Thomas Aquinas, who conceptualize it as a timeless and perfect present connected to divine immutability. The essay then critically examines early modern viewpoints, emphasizing Locke’s empiricist reconfiguration of eternity in relation to human experience and cognition as well as the rationalist reinterpretation of eternity in Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Lastly, I discuss modern and current philosophy, where philosophers like Bergson, Heidegger, Hegel, and Kant redefine or problematize eternity within dialectical, phenomenological, and epistemological frameworks. I show that the idea of eternity is still a major but contentious issue using this historical and analytical method, reflecting the changing interaction between time, being, and human knowledge. The study comes to the conclusion that eternity still serves as a crucial philosophical perspective that encourages continuous contemplation of the boundaries of temporality and the nature of ultimate reality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eternity
  topic: keywords
subject: Time
  topic: keywords
subject: Metaphysics
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporality
  topic: keywords
subject: Divine Immutability
  topic: keywords
subject: Rationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenomenology
  topic: keywords
subject: Ontology
  topic: keywords
creator: Sudhan Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 63
ending page: 70
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n02.009

Ahimsa as a Universal Ethical Principle: Gandhian Perspective
type: item
description: This paper critically investigates the idea of ahimsa as a universal ethical standard within Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophical framework. Gandhi reinterprets ahimsa as a dynamic and all-encompassing moral philosophy based on truth (satya), love, and moral responsibility, despite its origins in ancient Indian religious traditions. The study examines the philosophical underpinnings of Gandhian ahimsa, highlighting its constructive and proactive nature as a catalyst for both social and personal development. It examines the inherent connection between ahimsa and satyagraha in more detail, showing how moral persuasion and self-suffering can make nonviolence an effective means of resisting injustice. The study also emphasizes the ethical aspects of ahimsa, including its focus on compassion, inner discipline, and the purity of thought and behaviour. Furthermore, the universalism of ahimsa is analysed in terms of how it can be used in many cultural, social, and political situations, making it a pertinent concept for dealing with current world issues. The study makes the case that Gandhian ahimsa overcomes its conventional constraints and provides a comprehensive framework for promoting peace, justice, and human dignity by fusing ethical theory with real-world action. In the end, this research argues that Gandhi’s concept of ahimsa is a living, transformational principle that may direct both individual behaviour and group life in a world that is becoming more complicated and conflict-ridden.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ahimsa
  topic: keywords
subject: Gandhian Philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-violence
  topic: keywords
subject: Satyagraha
  topic: keywords
subject: Universal Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Moral Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Truth
  topic: keywords
subject: Peace
  topic: keywords
creator: Avijit Maji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 71
ending page: 77
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n02.010

The Philosophy of Divine Love: A Comparative Study of Sufi Mysticism and Bhakti Movement
type: item
description: The idea of divine love as expressed in Sufi mysticism and the Bhakti movement is examined in this essay, along with the similarities and differences in its conception, application, and moral implications. I examine how Sufi mystics view divine love (ʿIshq e Haqiqi) as a transformational force that dissolves the ego and joins the seeker with the transcendent Absolute, cultivating moral virtues and spiritual insight, using a comparative perspective. The Bhakti tradition, on the other hand, integrates moral living with emotional closeness and group involvement, emphasizing a personal, relational, and reciprocal devotion (prema) toward a particular deity. Despite having different metaphysical underpinnings, both faiths are deeply committed to the transformational power of love and use ritual expression, poetry, and devotional activities to foster communal harmony as well as individual spiritual fulfilment. The study also explores the spiritual and ethical ramifications of divine love, emphasizing how these customs foster moral involvement, inclusion, and compassion in both individual and societal contexts. The philosophical insights of Sufi and Bhakti love provide a compelling model for interpersonal empathy, moral behaviour, and communal togetherness in modern circumstances characterized by cultural variety, social fragmentation, and existential ambiguity. The paper shows that divine love is not just a devotional feeling but a dynamic ethical and spiritual principle with ongoing relevance by placing mystical devotion within both historical and contemporary frameworks. This comparison highlights how the pursuit of divine love can both elevate the individual and promote social development. Sufi and Bhakti traditions offer ageless patterns of ethical and spiritual transformation.
subject: Articles
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subject: Divine love
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subject: Sufi mysticism
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subject: Bhakti movement
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subject: ethical transformation
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subject: spiritual philosophy
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subject: interfaith harmony
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subject: mystical devotion
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creator: SK Abdul Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 137
ending page: 143
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n01.017