Assessment of Groundwater Quality by Using the Ionic Ratios in the Coastal Region of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm2022.v02.n02.003Keywords:
Groundwater, Seawater intrusion, Ionic ratios, Coastal regionAbstract
Seawater intrusion into the coastal region has occurred all around the world as a result of extensive groundwater depletion brought on by population development, agricultural practices, and rapid urbanization. As a result, the natural balance has been altered, and the salinization process has accelerated due to its continued stress on the world's water and land resources. One such area currently susceptible to salinization is the coastal region of the Guntur district, particularly when seawater intrusion occurs. Demand for freshwater is rising in coastal areas, which makes this issue worse. The current study makes an effort to examine the water quality parameters and to discover the contamination groundwater with saline water intrusion into the coastal mandals of Guntur district. Sampling and analysis of the samples of the study region for physcio-chemical properties of the major ions used to identify saltwater intrusion in groundwater. Ionic ratios of different kinds, including Na+/Cl−, Mg2+/Ca2+, Mg/Cl−, SO42−/Cl−, K+/Cl−, Ca2+/(HCO3+SO42-), Cl−/(HCO3−+ CO3−), Cl-/HCO3- and the Base Exchange Index (BEX) was used to determine whether or not saltwater had an impact on groundwater quality. The results of the analysis indicating that intrusion of seawater has caused salinization in the majority of the studied region and also showing higher levels of chloride, bicarbonate and sodium concentrations. By the overall observation of results it is known that contamination of the area caused by intrusion of seawater.
References
Alfarrah, N., Walraevens, K., (2018). Groundwater overexploitation and seawater intrusion in coastal areas of arid and semi-arid regions.Water 10, 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020143.
APHA (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC.
Bear J, Cheng AH, Sorek S, Ouazar D, Herrera I (1999) Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers—concepts methods and practices. Springer-Science and Business Media, B.V
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2012) Indian standard drinking water specification (second revision) BIS 10500:2012, New Delhi
Carol ES, Kruse EE (2012) Journal of South American Earth Sciences Hydrochemical characterization of the water resources in the coastal environments of the outer Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina. J South Am Earth Sci 37:113–121. https:// doi. org/ 10.1016/j. jsames. 2012. 02. 009
Central Ground Water Board, (2014). Report on status of ground water quality in coastal aquifers of India. Ministry of Water Resources. India, Faridabad, Govt. of. India
Chachadi, A.G.,(2005). Seawater intrusion mapping using modified GALDIT indicator model-case study in Goa. Jalvigyan Sameeksha 20, 29–45.
Choudhury, K., Saha, D.K., Chakraborty, P., (2001). Geophysical study for saline water intrusion in a coastal alluvial terrain. J. Appl. Geophys. 46, 189–200.
Dams, J., Salvadore, E., Van Daele, T., Ntegeka, V., Willems, P., Batelaan, O., (2012). Spatiotemporal impact of climate change on the groundwater system. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 1517–1531. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1517-2012.
Farooqui, A., Srivastava, J., Hussain, S.M., (2009). Comparative leaf epidermal morphology and foliar Na: K accumulation in Suaeda species: a case study fromcoastal ecosystem, India. Phytomorphology 59, 102–111.
Ganyaglo SY (2015) Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Studies of Groundwater in Coastal Aquifers of Ghana: case study in the Central Region. PhD Thesis, University of Ghana.
Gimenez E, Morell I (1997) Hydrogeochemical analysis of salinization processes in the coastal aquifer of Oropesa (Castellon, Spain). Environ Geol 29:118
Gupta, S.K., Deshpande, R.D., (2004). Water for India in 2050: first-order assessment of available options. Curr. Sci. 86, 1216–1224.
Hamed, Y., Hadji, R., Redhaounia, B., Zighmi, K., Bâali, F., El Gayar, A., (2018). Climate impacton surface and groundwater in North Africa: a global synthesis of findings and recommendations. Euro-Mediterranean J. Environ. Integr. 3, 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-018-0067-8.
Jones BF, Vengosh A, Rosenthal E, Yechieli Y (1999) Geochemical investigation of groundwater quality. Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers-Concepts, Methods and Practices, Springer: Kluwer, The Netherlands, pp 51–71
Kantamaneni, K., Rani, N.N.V.S., Rice, L., Sur, K., Thayaparan, M., Kulatunga, U., Rege, R., Yenneti, K., Campos, L., (2019). A systematic review of coastal vulnerability assessment studies along Andhra Pradesh, India: a critical evaluation of data gathering, risk levels and mitigation strategies. Water 11, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020393.
Karanam, H., Gummapu, J., Rao, V.V., (2019). Integrated Methodology for Delineation of Salt-water and Fresh Water Interface Between Kolleru Lake and Bay of Bengal Coast, Andhra Pradesh, India. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer Verlag, pp. 503–513 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77276-9_45.
Kim Y, Lee K, Koh D, Lee D, Lee S, Park W, Koh G, Woo N (2003) Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence of groundwater salinization in a coastal aquifer: a case study in Jeju volcanic island, Korea. J Hydrol 270:282–294
Klassen, J., Allen, D.M., Kirste, D., (2014). Chemical Indicators of Saltwater Intrusion for the Gulf Islands , British Columbia.
Lagudu, S., Rao, V.V.S.G., Prasad, P.R., Sarma, V.S., (2013). Use of geophysical and hydrochemicaltools to investigate seawater intrusion in coastal alluvial aquifer, AndhraPradesh, India. In: Groundwater in the Coastal Zones of Asia-Pacific. SpringerNetherlands, pp. 49–65.
Lee J (2007) Groundwater chemistry and ionic ratios in a western coastal aquifer of Buan, Korea: implication for seawater intrusion. Geosci J 11:259–270
Manivannan, V., Elango, L., (2019). Seawater intrusion and submarine groundwater discharge along the Indian coast. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 31592–31608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06103-z.
Martínez DE, Bocanegra EM (2002) Hydrogeochemistry and cation- exchange processes in the coastal aquifer of Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Hydrogeol J 10(3):393–408
Metcalf & Eddy Inc., (2000) Integrated Aquifer Management Plan: FinalReport. Gaza Coastal Aquifer Management Program,
Mukherjee, A., Saha, D., Harvey, C.F., Taylor, R.G., Ahmed, K.M., Bhanja, S.N., (2015). Groundwater systems of the Indian Sub-Continent. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud. 4, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.03.005.
Nair, Indu S., Brindha, K., Elango, L., (2016). Identification of salinization by bromide and fluoride concentration in coastal aquifers near Chennai, southern India. Water Sci.30, 41–50.
Neumann, B., Vafeidis, A.T., Zimmermann, J., Nicholls, R.J., (2015). Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding - a global assessment. PLoS One 10, e0118571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571.
Ozler HM (2003) Hydrochemistry and salt-water intrusion in the Van aquifer, East Turkey. Environ Geol 43:759–775
Patra, S., Sahoo, S., Mishra, P., Mahapatra, S.C., (2018). Impacts of urbanization on land use/ cover changes and its probable implications on local climate and groundwater level. J. Urban Manag. 7, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.04.006.
Raghunath, H.M. (2006) Hydrology (Principles, Analysis Design). 2nd Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
Revelle R (1941) Criteria for recognition of sea water in groundwaters. Trans Am Geophys Union 22:593–597
Sanchez Martos F, Pulido Bosch A, Calaforra JM (1999) Hydrogeochemical processes in an arid region of Europe (Almeria, SE Spain). Appl Geochem 14:735–745
Stoessell RK (1997) Delineating the chemical compoition of salinity sources for saline water: an example from east-central Concordia parish, Louisiana. Ground Water 35:409–417
Stuyfzand PJ (1989) A new hydrochemical classification of water types. In: Regional characterization of water quality. The Netherlands Waterworks Testing and Research Institute KIWA, BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, pp 89–98
Stuyfzand PJ (1993) Hydrochemistry and hydrology of the coastal dune area of the Western Netherlands, PhD, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Sudaryanto Naily W (2018) Ratio of major ions in groundwater to determine saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. Earth Environ Sci 118:5
Surinaidu, L., Rao, V.V.S.G., Mahesh, J., Prasad, P.R., Rao, G.T., Sarma, V.S., (2014). Assessment of possibility of saltwater intrusion in the central Godavari delta region, Southern India. Reg. Environ. Chang. 15, 907–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0678-9.
Todd. D. K (1959) Groundwater hydrology. Wiley, New York
Todd DK, Mays LW (2005) Groundwater Hydrology, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons Inc, United States of America
Van Camp, M., Mtoni, Y.,Mjemah, I.C., Bakundukize, C.,Walraevens, K., (2014). Investigating seawater intrusion due to groundwater pumping with schematicmodel simulations: the example of the Dar es Salaam coastal aquifer in Tanzania. J. African Earth Sci. 96, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.02.012.
Vengosh, A. and Rosenthal, E., (1994) Saline groundwater in Israel: its bearing on the water crisis in the country. J. Hydrol., , 156,389–430.
Vengosh, A. and Ben-Zvi, A., (1994). Formation of a salt plume in thecoastal plain aquifer of Israel: the Be’er Toviyya region.J. Hydrol., , 160, 21–52.
Vengosh, A., Heumann, K.G., Juraski, S., Kasher, R., (1994). Boron isotope application for tracing sources of contamination in groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1968–1974. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00060a030
Vengosh A, Pankratov I (1998) Cloride/bromide and chloride/fluoride ratios of domestic sewage effluents and associated contaminated groundwater. Ground Water 36:815–825
Vengosh, A., Spivack, A. J., Artzi, Y. and Ayalon, A. (1999) Geochemicaland boron, strontium, and oxygen isotopic constraints on theorigin of the salinity in groundwater from the Mediterranean coastof Israel. Water Resour. Res, 35, 1877–1894.
Vengosh, A., Gill, J., Davisson, M. L. and Hudson, G. B. (2002)Amulti isotope (B, Sr, O, H and C) and age dating study of groundwaterfrom Salinas Valley, California: hydrochemistry, dynamics,
and contamination process. Water Resour. Res., , 38, 1–17.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2011 Global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water. The challenge of extending and sustaining services.112p.
