The New World Order: China’s Ascent India’s Strategy and Global Governance

Abstract

This paper examines the evolving dynamics of global power as non-Western states reshape the international system, focusing on China’s rapid rise and India’s strategic response during the early 2020s. Integrating recent economic, military, and diplomatic data with a comparative qualitative analysis, the study evaluates how these two influential nations are redefining global governance. China’s multifaceted approach is exemplified by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), extensive military modernization, and a blend of hard and soft power strategies that expand its geopolitical influence. In contrast, India pursues a democratic, reform-led strategy marked by economic liberalization, proactive multilateral engagement, and targeted defense modernization. Employing realist, liberal, and soft power frameworks, this research critically assesses their divergent yet intersecting strategies, highlighting implications for international institutions such as the United Nations and global financial organizations. The findings reveal that while China and India challenge traditional Western-centric models, they also contribute to an emerging multipolar order that demands adaptive global governance. Policy recommendations are provided to reform international institutions, ensuring stability, inclusivity, and equitable development. Overall, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers and scholars by clarifying how China’s assertive ascent and India’s constructive response are jointly shaping a more balanced future for global governance.